hoan57a 3/31/2024 2:28:54 PM

        In the 1960s, doctors studying the survivors of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic began to notice a trend: patients who were infants or young adults at the time of the pandemic appeared to had been two or three times more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than others. Neurologists attempting to understand why this happens believe that this virus may be able to enter and, in some cases, damage the brain, starting a process of degeneration which can lead to Parkinson’s.

        Now, they are trying to monitor whether the current COVID pandemic will also trigger a higher rate of Parkinson’s cases in the coming years. “We don’t know but we need to consider that this could become the case,” says Patrik Brundin, a Parkinson’s researcher. “There are several studies highlighting that people who have recovered from COVID often have long-term central nervous system impairments, including loss of sense of smell and taste, brain fog, depression, and anxiety.”

        Over the past year, scientists like Brundin have been concerned by a small number of case studies describing patients who have developed abnormal symptoms similar to Parkinson’s such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and impaired speech after COVID-19 infection. More recent research has found that some COVID patients have disruptions in one of the human body’s most critical systems, known as the kynurenine pathway, which is used to produce a number of crucial amino acids required for brain health. When it malfunctions, there can be an accumulation of toxins which are thought to play a role in causing Parkinson’s disease.

        Many feel that there is a need for continued monitoring of any Parkinson’s-like symptoms which emerge in people previously infected with COVID, in case the near future reveals a gradual spike in cases. However, Parkinson’s is not the only concern. Experts around the world are trying to figure out if COVID-19 will induce a hidden wave of other illnesses related to the effects of the Sars-CoV-2 virus on our immune system. In the future, these research efforts can help us find new ways of detecting these diseases at an early stage, and even pave the way to new and more effective treatments and vaccines.

(Adapted from bbc.com)

Question 30: Which best serves as the title for the passage?

        A. How Pandemics Of The Past May Have Caused Parkinson’s Disease                

        B. COVID-19 And Parkinson’s Disease: A Possible Connection

        C. How Will Your Brain Health Be Affected After COVID-19?                                

        D. The Global Effort To Discover The Cure For COVID-Related Illnesses

Question 31: According to paragraph 1, neurologists believe that ___________.

        A. The Spanish flu was the main cause of Parkinson’s disease in the 1960s.

        B. Adults suffering from the Spanish flu were less likely to have Parkinson’s.

        C. The brain may be affected by the Spanish flu virus, triggering Parkinson’s.

        D. Brain damage caused by viruses results in more serious Parkinson’s cases.

Question 32: The word “impairments” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ___________.     

        A. obstructions               B. degradations               C. imperfections              D. restrictions

Question 33: The word “induce” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___________.

        A. originate          B. establish             C. develop           D. revitalise

Question 34: The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

        A. recent research            B. human         C. kynurenine pathway              D. brain health

Question 35: Which of the following is NOT TRUE, according to the passage?

        A. Some people still lose the ability to smell or taste after suffering from COVID-19.

        B. A rising number of COVID-19 patients developed similar symptoms to Parkinson’s .

        C. The brain cannot function well without amino acids made by the kynurenine pathway.

        D. It is believed that some toxins can contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease. 

Question 36: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

        A. Most researchers think there is most likely a link between COVID-19 and Parkinson’s.

        B. There is proof to suggest COVID-19 can worsen human brain health in the long term.

        C. Parkinson’s-like symptoms are more severe in those who were infected with COVID-19.

        D. Observing the Sars-CoV-2 virus will help us discover a cure for Parkinson’s disease.

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