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        Like many emergency responders, Nicholas Groom is used to stress at work. “I’ve always considered us a bit of a weird group because we voluntarily go into situations that other people run away from,” says 29-year-old Groom. On one hand, the stress can be helpful. “I find that when attending a serious incident, it helps me to maintain focus on the situation.” On the other hand, the work can be highly pressurised. “Too much stress can impair your ability to make decisions,” Groom adds. And Groom is not alone in his complicated relationship with stress.

        Many people believe that that there should be a balanced amount of stress. In other words, not too much stress so you’re not overwhelmed but not too little stress so you don’t feel unmotivated. After all, some anxiety is motivating; think of the adrenaline before a deadline or the excitement before a competition. Sports fans sometimes even talk about a “gene” in some athletes who seem to play best in the decisive final moments of a match. Furthermore, many psychologists claim that performance in many situations increases with stress up to a point. Of course, any stress can cause harm when it’s prolonged. To take just one example, a long-term high heart rate is linked to cardiovascular diseases. And additional stressors, such as financial pressures or psychiatric issues, clearly affect how beneficially someone can respond to stress. 

        So is there a way to harness stress to your advantage while being mindful of its detrimental long-term effects? One key factor is to avoid, whenever possible, the point when stress leads to mental and physical collapse. Crystal Wernicke, 30, has always used stress as a motivator. But juggling between parenting, a full-time job, a voluntary role and financial troubles at the same time became too much and eventually led to a two-month period of illness. Another factor is the presence of control. For those who feel powerless over their situation, stress is unlikely to be beneficial. Studies show that uncontrolled stress limits the functions managed by the prefrontal cortex - the part of the brain that is responsible for working memory, which affects reasoning and decision-making. But with some autonomy over stressful tasks, we are better able to convert that pressure into higher performance.

        When it comes to stress and how it affects your performance, it’s helpful to recognise the variations in personality, type of stress and task that affect the level of pressure you are under, as well as understanding tools you can use to control and harness that stress. Ultimately, it’s not helpful to take a one-sided view, either demonising or glorifying stress. As James C Quick, a management professor at the University of Texas, sums up: “Stress can be the kiss of death as well as the spice of life.”

(Adapted from bbc.com)

Question 44: Which of the following best serves as a title for the passage?

        A. Maintaning A Balanced Level Of Stress Can Be Helpful

        B. Getting Rid Of Stress Completely Is The Key To Success

        C. The Different Types Of Stress-Related Diseases

        D. How Prolonged Stress Affects Your Mental Health

Question 45: The word “detrimental” in paragraph 3 can be best replaced by ___________.

        A. difficult              B. unfortunate            C. damaging           D. inconvenient

Question 46: Which of the following is NOT TRUE, according to paragraph 2?         

        A. Excitement before a competition can motivate people.

        B. A stressor can have negative impacts if it exists for too long.

        C. Financial pressures can encourage us to work harder in life.

        D.  It is widely believed that a moderate level of stress is the best.           

Question 47: The phrase “sums up” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to __________.

        A. assumes                    B. concludes          C. predicts                   D. proposes

Question 48: The word “it” in the first paragraph refers to ___________.

        A. stress          B. incident            C. focus               D. situation

Question 49: What can be inferred from the passage?

        A. People consider emergency responders like Groom to be unusual.  

        B. Athletes always perform at their best towards the end of a match. 

        C. There is a limit beyond which stress is harmful for one’s mental health. 

        D. The more stressful the situation, the more powerless people feel when facing it.

Question 50: Why was Crystal Vernicke sick for two months?

        A. She didn’t have the money to take care of her health.      

        B. She was stressed out about too many responsibilities.

        C. She worked too hard for a very long period of time.       

        D. She spent time and effort on parenting instead of healthcare.

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