UNIT 4 - Urbanisation - GRADE 12
I. VOCABULARY
|
STT |
Word |
Type |
Pronunciation |
Meaning |
|
1 |
urbanisation |
noun |
/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ |
quá trình đô thị hóa |
|
2 |
rural |
adjective |
/ˈrʊərəl/ |
thuộc nông thôn |
|
3 |
authority |
noun |
/ɔːˈθɒrəti/ |
chính quyền |
|
4 |
infrastructure |
noun |
/ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃə/ |
cơ sở hạ tầng |
|
5 |
immigration |
noun |
/ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən/ |
sự nhập cư |
|
6 |
crowded |
adjective |
/ˈkraʊdɪd/ |
đông đúc |
|
7 |
overcrowded |
adjective |
/ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪd/ |
quá đông đúc |
|
8 |
resident |
noun |
/ˈrezɪdənt/ |
người dân |
|
9 |
modernise |
verb |
/ˈmɒdənaɪz/ |
hiện đại hóa |
|
10 |
expansion |
noun |
/ɪkˈspænʃən/ |
sự mở rộng |
|
11 |
condition |
noun |
/kənˈdɪʃən/ |
tình trạng |
|
12 |
couple |
noun |
/ˈkʌpəl/ |
cặp đôi |
|
13 |
facility |
noun |
/fəˈsɪləti/ |
cơ sở vật chất |
|
14 |
housing |
noun |
/ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ |
nhà ở |
|
15 |
leisure |
noun |
/ˈleʒə/ |
sự giải trí, thư giãn |
|
16 |
line |
noun |
/laɪn/ |
tuyến (tàu) |
|
17 |
metro |
noun |
/ˈmetrəʊ/ |
tàu điện |
|
18 |
policy |
noun |
/ˈpɒləsi/ |
chính sách |
|
19 |
proportion |
noun |
/prəˈpɔːʃən/ |
tỷ lệ |
|
20 |
satisfaction |
noun |
/ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/ |
sự hài lòng |
|
21 |
shortage |
noun |
/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ |
sự thiếu |
|
22 |
skyscraper |
noun |
/ˈskaɪˌskreɪpə/ |
tòa nhà chọc trời |
|
23 |
smog |
noun |
/smɒg/ |
khói bụi |
|
24 |
space |
noun |
/speɪs/ |
không gian |
|
25 |
statistics |
noun |
/stəˈtɪstɪks/ |
số liệu thống kê |
|
26 |
trade |
noun |
/treɪd/ |
buôn bán |
|
27 |
unemployment |
noun |
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ |
nạn thất nghiệp |
|
28 |
cause |
verb |
/kɔːz/ |
gây ra |
|
29 |
chair |
verb |
/tʃeə/ |
chủ trì |
|
30 |
decrease |
verb |
/dɪˈkriːs/ |
giảm |
|
31 |
expand |
verb |
/ɪksˈpænd/ |
mở rộng |
|
32 |
expose |
verb |
/ɪksˈpəʊz/ |
tiếp xúc |
|
33 |
seek |
verb |
/siːk/ |
tìm kiếm |
|
34 |
Eastern |
adjective |
/ˈiːstən/ |
phương Đông |
|
35 |
equal |
adjective |
/ˈiːkwəl/ |
bằng nhau |
|
36 |
frequent |
adjective |
/ˈfriːkwənt/ |
thường xuyên |
|
37 |
high-rise |
adjective |
/ˈhaɪ‑raɪz/ |
cao tầng |
|
38 |
low-rise |
adjective |
/ˈləʊ‑raɪz/ |
thấp tầng |
|
39 |
reliable |
adjective |
/rɪˈlaɪəbəl/ |
đáng tin cậy |
|
40 |
gradually |
adverb |
/ˈɡrædʒuəli/ |
dần dần |
|
41 |
slightly |
adverb |
/ˈslaɪtli/ |
một chút |
|
42 |
steadily |
adverb |
/ˈstedəli/ |
đều đặn |
|
43 |
convenience store |
noun |
/kənˈviːniəns stɔː/ |
cửa hàng tiện lợi |
|
44 |
electric bus |
noun |
/ɪˈlektrɪk bʌs/ |
xe buýt điện |
|
45 |
public park |
noun |
/ˈpʌblɪk pɑːk/ |
công viên công cộng |
|
46 |
wet market |
noun |
/wet ˈmɑːkɪt/ |
chợ truyền thống |
|
47 |
carbon emission |
noun |
/ˈkɑːbən ɪˈmɪʃən/ |
khí thải cacbon |
|
48 |
city dweller |
noun |
/ˈsɪti ˈdwɛlə/ |
người dân thành phố |
|
49 |
community meeting |
noun |
/kəˈmjuːnəti ˈmiːtɪŋ/ |
cuộc họp cộng đồng |
|
50 |
cost of living |
phrase |
/kɒst əv ˈlɪvɪŋ/ |
chi phí sinh hoạt |
|
51 |
crime rate |
noun |
/kraɪm reɪt/ |
tỷ lệ tội phạm |
|
52 |
government official |
noun |
/ˈɡʌvənmənt əˈfɪʃəl/ |
quan chức chính phủ |
|
53 |
house price |
noun |
/haʊs praɪs/ |
giá nhà |
|
54 |
Old Quarter |
noun |
/əʊld ˈkwɔːtə/ |
phố cổ |
|
55 |
rush hour |
noun |
/rʌʃ ˈaʊə/ |
giờ cao điểm |
|
56 |
traffic jam |
noun |
/ˈtræfɪk dʒæm/ |
tắc đường |
|
57 |
date back |
verb |
/deɪt bæk/ |
có từ (xảy ra từ thời) |
|
58 |
get lost |
verb |
/ɡet lɒst/ |
bị lạc |
|
59 |
get stuck |
verb |
/ɡet stʌk/ |
bị mắc kẹt |
|
60 |
go for a ride |
phrase |
/ɡəʊ fɔːr ə raɪd/ |
đi dạo/đi xe |
|
61 |
go up |
verb |
/ɡəʊ ʌp/ |
tăng (giá, tỉ lệ…) |
|
62 |
settle in |
verb |
/ˈsetəl ɪn/ |
ổn định, định cư |
|
63 |
afford |
verb |
/əˈfɔːd/ |
có khả năng chi trả |
|
64 |
affordable |
adjective |
/əˈfɔːdəbəl/ |
giá phải chăng |
|
65 |
colonial |
adjective |
/kəˈləʊniəl/ |
thuộc địa |
|
66 |
colony |
noun |
/ˈkɒləni/ |
thuộc địa |
|
67 |
modernisation |
noun |
/ˌmɒdənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ |
sự hiện đại hóa |
|
68 |
stability |
noun |
/stəˈbɪləti/ |
sự ổn định |
|
69 |
stable |
adjective |
/ˈsteɪbəl/ |
ổn định |
|
70 |
urban |
adjective |
/ˈɜːbən/ |
thuộc đô thị |
|
71 |
urbanised |
adjective |
/ˈɜːbənaɪzd/ |
được đô thị hóa |
II: COLLOCATIONS/ PHRASES / STRUCTURES
|
STT |
Loại từ/ngữ |
Nghĩa tiếng Việt |
|
1 |
rapid urbanisation (n) |
đô thị hóa nhanh chóng |
|
2 |
urban population (n) |
dân số thành thị |
|
3 |
rural/urban area (n) |
khu vực nông thôn / đô thị |
|
4 |
urban development (n) |
sự phát triển đô thị |
|
5 |
living condition(s) (n) |
điều kiện sống |
|
6 |
housing shortage (n) |
thiếu hụt nhà ở |
|
7 |
traffic congestion (n) |
tắc nghẽn giao thông |
|
8 |
cost of living (n) |
chi phí sinh hoạt |
|
9 |
job opportunities (n) |
cơ hội việc làm |
|
10 |
environmental degradation (n) |
sự suy thoái môi trường |
|
11 |
concrete jungle (idiom) |
thành phố bê tông (thiếu cây xanh) |
|
12 |
the hustle and bustle (idiom) |
sự nhộn nhịp, ồn ào |
|
13 |
bright lights of the city (idiom) |
sức hấp dẫn của thành phố |
|
14 |
cost an arm and a leg (idiom) |
rất đắt đỏ |
|
15 |
It is + adj + to V |
thật... để làm gì đó |
|
16 |
There is/are + N + in... |
có... ở đâu đó |
|
17 |
S + cause/lead to + N/V-ing |
gây ra điều gì |
|
18 |
S + be exposed to + N/V-ing |
bị tiếp xúc với... |
|
19 |
Due to / Because of + N/V-ing |
bởi vì... |
|
20 |
More and more + N (plural) |
ngày càng nhiều... |
|
21 |
The + comparative..., the + comparative... |
càng... thì càng... |
|
22 |
settle in (v) |
ổn định cuộc sống |
|
23 |
move away from (v) |
rời khỏi nơi nào đó |
|
24 |
adapt to urban life (v) |
thích nghi với cuộc sống đô thị |
|
25 |
deal with (v) |
giải quyết |
|
26 |
be faced with (v) |
đối mặt với |
|
27 |
S + struggle to V |
gặp khó khăn khi làm gì |
|
28 |
S + find it + adj + to V |
thấy việc gì đó như thế nào |
|
29 |
It takes (time) to V |
mất bao lâu để làm gì |
|
30 |
Too + adj + to V |
quá... để có thể làm gì |
|
31 |
Enough + N + to V / adj + enough to V |
đủ... để làm gì |
|
32 |
Prefer V-ing to V-ing |
thích cái gì hơn cái gì |
|
33 |
Used to V |
đã từng (trong quá khứ) |
|
34 |
Be used to + V-ing |
quen với việc gì |
|
35 |
Be/get accustomed to + V-ing |
quen với việc gì |
|
36 |
By + time/mốc thời gian, S + will have V3 |
tương lai hoàn thành với 'by...' |
|
37 |
Despite / In spite of + N/V-ing |
mặc dù |
|
38 |
Although / Even though + S + V |
mặc dù |
|
39 |
So that / In order that + S + can/could + V |
để mà |
|
40 |
Not only... but also... |
không chỉ... mà còn... |
III: GRAMMAR
A-PRESENT PERFECT
1. Công thức
|
S + have/has +Ved/3 |
|
S + have/has not +Ved/3 |
|
(Wh-) + have/has + S + Ved/3? |
2. Cách dùng
- Chúng ta sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành để miêu tả điều gì đó đã bắt đầu trong quá khứ và vẫn còn đang diễn ra hoặc điều gì đó vừa mới hoàn thành.
Ví dụ: The company has grown significantly over the last five years.
- Chúng ta cũng sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành để nói về số lần một việc gì đó đã xảy ra với cấu trúc sau:
It/This/That + be + the first/the second time + S + have/has + V3/ed
Ví dụ: It is the second time she has missed her flight.
- Chúng ta thường sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành cho một trải nghiệm đặc biệt với cấu trúc sau:
It/This/That/N/V-ing+ be + the best/ the only/the most beautiful/... + S + have/has (ever) + V3/ed
Ví dụ: Visiting the countryside is the most relaxing experience I have ever had.
|
Just-already-yet For + khoảng thời gian- Since + mốc thời gian So far-up to now-until now Lately-recently Ever-never…..before |
B-DOUBLE COMPARATIVES TO SHOW CHANGE.
1. So sánh luỹ tiến ( càng ngày càng…..)
|
Tính từ ngắn |
adj-er + and + adj-er |
|
Tính từ dài |
more and more +adj/adv |
Ví dụ: He is growing taller and taller every year.
Living in the city is getting more and more expensive
2. So sánh đồng tiến ( càng……, càng…..)
|
Tính từ ngắn |
The + adj-er + s + V |
|
Tính từ dài |
The more + adj/adv + S + V |
Ví dụ: The more frequently you practice, the better you become.
IV. PRACTICE EXERCISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase that best fits the blank in each sentence.
- The implementation of a one-way system has failed to alleviate the persistent _________ that plague the city center during working hours.
A. delays B. traffic jam C. bottlenecks D. standstills
- Despite government initiatives to improve conditions in _________ areas, young people continue to migrate to cities in search of better opportunities.
A. suburban B. provincial C. remote D. rural
- The local council voted unanimously to _________ the outdated sewage system, which has been causing environmental concerns for decades.
A. renovate B. upgrade C. modernise D. revamp
- Educational experts argue that _________ classrooms significantly reduce the quality of learning and individual attention students receive.
A. packed B. congested C. overcrowded D. cramped
- The scarcity of _________ housing in metropolitan areas has forced many workers to endure lengthy commutes from outlying districts.
A. budget-friendly B. affordable C. reasonable D. economical
- The restoration of the _________ included installing sustainable irrigation systems and planting native species to create a more eco-friendly space.
A. community garden B. recreation ground C. public park D. urban green
- Persistent _________ has prompted authorities to implement alternate driving days based on license plate numbers during winter months.
A. haze B. pollution C. fumes D. smog
- Long-term _________ have expressed concerns that new development projects might destroy the neighborhood's unique cultural character.
A. resident B. occupants C. inhabitants D. dwellers
- Recent changes to _________ policies have sparked heated debates about national identity and economic implications.
A. relocation B. demographic C. immigration D. population
- The airport's _________ has been met with resistance from environmental groups concerned about increased noise pollution and carbon emissions.
A. enlargement B. growth C. extension D. expansion
- The rapidly rising _________ has outpaced wage growth, creating financial strain for middle-income families.
A. inflation B. cost of living C. expense D. price index
- Unplanned _________ has led to inadequate infrastructure and environmental degradation in many developing regions.
A. development B. growth C. urbanisation D. expansion
- The proliferation of _________ has significantly altered consumer shopping habits and threatened traditional family-owned businesses.
A. retail outlets B. shopping centers C. supermarkets D. convenience stores
- The _________ crisis requires a multifaceted approach, including rent controls, subsidies, and incentives for developers to build affordable units.
A. property B. economic C. housing D. financial
- Critics argue that _________ developments create social isolation and disconnect residents from community life on the streets below.
A. residential B. commercial C. high-rise D. suburban
- Many young professionals _________ in the rental market, unable to save enough for a deposit while paying escalating rents.
A. persist B. struggle C. get stuck D. remain
- The new medical _________ incorporates cutting-edge technology while focusing on creating a healing environment through natural light and green spaces.
A. building B. complex C. facility D. center
- International students often take several months to _________ as they navigate cultural differences and establish new social networks.
A. settle in B. adapt C. acclimate D. adjust
- Structural _________ persists in regions where traditional industries have declined and workers lack skills for emerging sectors.
A. inequality B. unemployment C. recession D. poverty
- The company pledged to reduce its _________ by 50% within five years through renewable energy adoption and supply chain reforms.
A. carbon emission B. waste C. carbon emission D. environmental impact
- Recent _________ indicate a correlation between access to green spaces and improved mental health outcomes in urban populations.
A. data B. research C. statistics D. surveys
- Investing in digital _________ has become essential for countries aiming to compete in the global knowledge economy.
A. networks B. infrastructure C. systems D. technology
- The transition to renewable energy sources must happen _________ to avoid economic disruption while still meeting climate goals.
A. gradually B. systematically C. incrementally D. progressively
- Traditional _________ continue to thrive despite competition from supermarkets due to their fresh produce and cultural significance.
A. farmers markets B. wet markets C. food bazaars D. street vendors
- The _________ of qualified teachers in STEM subjects has prompted the government to offer incentives for professionals to enter education.
A. deficit B. absence C. lack D. shortage
- Flexible working hours have been introduced by many companies to reduce _________ congestion and improve employee work-life balance.
A. morning B. traffic C. commute D. rush hour
- _________ planners are increasingly incorporating biophilic design elements to reconnect city dwellers with natural environments.
A. City B. Urban C. Metropolitan D. Civic
- Political _________ has been a key factor in attracting foreign direct investment to emerging economies in Southeast Asia.
A. security B. constancy C. stability D. consistency
- Community policing initiatives have contributed to a declining _________ in previously troubled neighborhoods.
A. crime rate B. violence C. delinquency D. lawlessness
- The _________ of agricultural practices must balance increased productivity with environmental sustainability concerns.
A. transformation B. development C. modernisation D. advancement
- Preserving the architectural heritage of the _________ while accommodating modern infrastructure needs presents significant challenges.
A. Historic District B. Old Quarter C. Ancient City D. Heritage Zone
- Access to _________ internet has become essential for education, healthcare, and economic participation in the digital age.
A. high-speed B. reliable C. affordable D. broadband
- The city's investment in an _________ fleet demonstrates its commitment to sustainable transportation solutions.
A. electric bus B. eco-friendly C. zero-emission D. hybrid vehicle
- _________ inflation has created a generational wealth gap between property owners and those unable to enter the market.
A. Asset B. Property C. Real estate D. House price
- Investigative journalists worked for months to _________ corruption in the awarding of public infrastructure contracts.
A. uncover B. reveal C. expose D. investigate
- The extension of the _________ network to suburban areas aims to reduce dependency on private vehicles and decrease traffic congestion.
A. light rail B. metro C. public transport D. transit
- A significant _________ of urban waste could be diverted from landfills through comprehensive recycling and composting programs.
A. amount B. portion C. quantity D. proportion
- Employee _________ surveys revealed that flexible working arrangements were valued more highly than financial bonuses.
A. engagement B. satisfaction C. feedback D. opinion
- Economists predict that interest rates will _________ gradually over the next year in response to inflationary pressures.
A. increase B. rise C. go up D. climb
- The restoration of _________ architecture has sparked debates about cultural heritage and the representation of historical narratives.
A. colonial B. traditional C. historical D. classical
- The modern _________ often suffers from nature deficit disorder due to limited access to natural environments.
A. city dweller B. urbanite C. metropolitan resident D. town inhabitant
- The government's housing _________ aims to increase supply through streamlined planning processes and incentives for developers.
A. strategy B. initiative C. framework D. policy
- Local _________ budgets have been severely constrained, affecting their ability to deliver essential community services.
A. government B. council C. authority D. administration
- Advocates for _________, high-density development argue that it creates more livable communities than tower blocks.
A. low-rise B. compact C. horizontal D. mid-rise
- The university plans to _________ its online learning platform to reach students in remote areas who cannot attend in person.
A. develop B. extend C. expand D. grow
- Tourism has grown _________ since the pandemic restrictions were lifted, revitalizing the local economy.
A. consistently B. steadily C. progressively D. gradually
- Young entrepreneurs _________ mentorship and networking opportunities to help navigate the challenges of starting a business.
A. pursue B. require C. need D. seek
- The controversial development proposal drew hundreds of concerned citizens to the _________ at the town hall.
A. public forum B. community meeting C. town gathering D. civic assembly
- Property values have increased _________ less than inflation, representing a real-term decrease for the first time in a decade.
A. marginally B. slightly C. somewhat D. minimally
- The government's hard _________ on environmental regulations has met resistance from industries concerned about compliance costs.
A. stance B. position C. approach D. line
- Traditional navigation skills _________ as people become increasingly dependent on digital mapping applications.