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Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

(I) Urbanization refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). (II) This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. (III) As a result, urbanization significantly impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). (IV)

One of the primary advantages of urbanization is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a number of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanization encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017).

However, urbanization also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues.

To address the challenges of urbanization, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization (World Bank, 2019).

(Adapted from Urbanization and Its Impact by Hall, Davis, and others)

Question 1. The word "proliferation" in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____.

        A. reduction        B. increase        C. stabilization        D. disappearance

Question 2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of urbanization?

        A. Technological advancements        B. Increased social inequality

        C. Economic growth                D. Job opportunities

Question 3. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

A. The growth of cities automatically improves living conditions for all.

B. Urban areas have ample housing options for all residents.

C. Urbanization creates a range of challenges, including overcrowding and insufficient public services.

D. Rapid urbanization has no impact on crime rates or health issues.

Question 4. The word "they" in paragraph 3 refers to ____.

        A. basic services        B. urban areas        C. public services        D. people

Question 5. The phrase "a number of job opportunities" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____.

        A. specific job roles                B. scarcity of jobs

        C. abundant job opportunities        D. limited job options

Question 6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Economic opportunities in urban areas lead to an equal distribution of wealth.

B. Sustainable urban planning can help mitigate some of the negative effects of urbanization.

        C. Urbanization is a recent phenomenon that has minimal global impact.

        D. Slums are a direct result of effective urban planning.

Question 7. Where in paragraph I does the following sentence best fit?

Urban areas offer a wide array of social services that are often unavailable in rural areas.

        A. (IV)        B. (II)        C. (III)        D. (I)

Question 8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Sustainable urban planning is crucial to addressing the issues arising from urbanization.

B. Urbanization exclusively benefits individuals with higher incomes.

C. Rapid urbanization has no effect on public services or living conditions.

D. All urban areas can easily provide adequate housing for their residents.

Question 9. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents.

A. It is essential for governments to implement urban planning strategies to enhance city life.

B. Urban planning should prioritize attracting businesses rather than improving living standards.

C. Creating well-designed urban areas requires collaboration between governments and city planners.

D. The planning of urban areas must not focus on environmental sustainability.

Question 10. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

A. The shift from rural to urban living has little effect on economic productivity or community growth.

B. Urban areas are perfect solutions for all rural problems, including housing and public services.

C. Cities provide the best quality of life without the need for any planning or development.

D. Urbanization leads to job creation and economic growth, but also results in challenges such as overcrowding and social inequality that require sustainable urban planning to address.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Eco-Friendly Transportation

Choose a Greener Way to Travel!

Looking to reduce your carbon footprint? By making small adjustments to your daily commute, you can make a positive impact on the environment.

• Why It Matters

The transport sector is responsible for nearly 30% of global carbon emissions. Switching to (11) ________ forms of transportation, like biking or public transit, can make a difference. Imagine if everyone (12) ________ their car just one day per week—our air would be much cleaner!

• How You Can Help

Bike or Walk whenever possible, especially for short trips.

Use Public Transit to avoid the emissions of individual cars. Public transit produces far less pollution per (13) ________.

Consider Carpooling with friends or coworkers. (14) _____ driving alone, sharing a ride reduces emissions and traffic.

Together, these changes reduce the (15) ________ of pollution and help create a healthier planet for all. By choosing more eco-friendly options, we can significantly lower the (16) ________ of emissions released into the atmosphere.

(Adapted from WWF, Global Stewards)

Question 11.

        A. other        B. the others        C. others        D. another

Question 12.

        A. puts off        B. takes out        C. gives up        D. cuts down

Question 13.

        A. distance        B. passenger        C. ticket        D. route

Question 14.

        A. Instead of        B. Due to        C. In addition to        D. Regarding

Question 15.

        A. level        B. supply        C. amount        D. number

Question 16.

        A. demand        B. rate        C. standard        D. quantity

Read the following passage about plastic pollution and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks form 17 to 21.

Plastic pollution has emerged as a critical environmental issue worldwide. Each year, millions of tons of plastic waste (17) ___. Some of this plastic waste ends up in rivers, lakes, and eventually in the oceans, creating vast “garbage patches” that threaten marine ecosystems. Microplastics, tiny particles of plastic less than five millimeters in length, are now found almost everywhere, from the deepest ocean trenches to remote mountain peaks. Scientists, (18) ______, are increasingly concerned about the effects of these particles on both wildlife and human health. Many marine animals mistake plastic for food, which can lead to severe injury or even death when ingested. (19) ____. Not only does plastic harm sea life, but it also enters the food chain and ”each’s human consumers. By breaking down into microplastics, plastic can become even more widespread and challenging to eliminate. (20) ___. Accumulating in water bodies, affecting the health of aquatic plants and animals, releasing harmful chemicals while decomposing and further contaminating ecosystems, (21) _____.

(Adapted from https://oceanconservancy.org/)

Question 17.

A. is disposed of without proper treatment each year

B. is produced and mismanaged by humans annually

C. are thoughtlessly thrown into water bodies around the globe

        D. are discarded irresponsibly into the environment every year

Question 18.

        A. whose researches conducted in multiple fields have shown concerning results

        B. warning the public about the hazards, use plastic reduction as a key solution

C. concerned with the safety of ecosystems, study pollution across regions

D. who work in environmental science has highlighted pollution dangers

Question 19.

        A. Plastic in the sea harms not only fish but also other aquatic creatures

        B. To prevent harm to marine animals, various programs are proposed

C. Saving marine life from plastic waste should be a global priority

D. Animals in marine ecosystems need plastic-free environments to thrive

Question 20.

A. However, reducing plastic disposal is a complex task

B. Thus, the persistence of plastics in nature poses a severe problem

C. Although they remain in the environment for hundreds of years

D. While removing plastics from water is a priority for experts

Question 21.

A. governments worldwide take action on pollution reduction

B. reducing plastic use could mitigate these environmental threats

C. this is why recent efforts focus on reversing environmental harm

D. plastic is widely seen as a danger to marine life and ecosystem as a whole

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 22 to 27.

Udemy: Learn Anything, Anytime

Udemy is an online learning platform (22) _________ people learn new skills and improve their knowledge. With over 150,000 (23) _________, students can (24) _________ from a wide range of subjects. Whether you want to learn about topics like business, design, IT, and more. Udemy offers flexible learning (25) _________ your own pace, so you can fit courses around your schedule. Whether you’re looking (26) _________ in your career or learn something new, Udemy has something for everyone. You can access courses on your computer, tablet, or phone, making learning easy and (27) _________. Start learning today and unlock your potential with Udemy.

(Adapted from Udemy – Online Courses)

Question 22.

        A. helped        B. helping        C. that help        D. which help

Question 23.

        A. courses online learning        B. learning online courses

        C. courses learning online        D. online learning courses

Question 24.

        A. select        B. choose        C. pick        D. find